Ptolemy found this offer insulting and rudely refused the embassy by saying that In that same year an unnamed Dardanian king offered 20,000 warriors to the Macedonian king Ptolemy Ceraunus to stop the invading Celts. In 279, during a Celtic incursion of the Balkans, Dardania itself began to be raided by several tribes on their way to plunder Greece. Thereafter the Dardani became a constant threat to Macedonia's northern borders. It appears that the Dardani escaped the Macedonian yoke entirely during the Wars of the Diadochi as they again began to freely raid Upper Greece under the reign of Lysimachus. They remain absent from our sources until 284 when Lysimachus seized Paeonia, which had revolted earlier in 322, forcing her prince Ariston to flee to Dardania. Indeed, the Dardani are not mentioned in any ancient accounts of Alexander's Balkan campaign in 335. The first century historian Pompey Trogue reports that these ‘’barbarous nations…were of wavering faith and perfidious dispositions’’ and that only Alexander III’s smooth succession averted disaster. The Dardani then remained quiet until Philip's assassination in 336, after which they began planning to revolt alongside the Illyrians and the Thracians. However, Philip took no new territory and ended Macedon’s borders near the Danube watershed in Paeonia. The first written references to the Dardani are as opponents of Macedon in the fourth century, clashing with Philip II who managed to subdue them and their neighbors in 345. Material culture and accounts in classical sources suggest that Dardanian society reached an advanced phase of development. Trade connections with the Ancient Greek world developed from the seventh century onwards.
Moreover, Dardani contact with the Mediterranean world began early and intensified during the Iron Age. This proto-urban development was followed by the creation of urban centers and the emergence of craftsmanship, and a Dardanian polity began to develop from the fourth century. Tribal aristocracy and pre-urban development first emerged in Dardania from the 6th–5th centuries BC. The region was subsequently incorporated into the province of Moesia in 15 BC, and later in 293 AD, as the province of Dardania. Marcus Licinius Crassus, grandson of the triumvir Marcus Crassus, officially annexed the kingdom in 28 BC while on campaign against the Dacians and Bastarnae. The eastern parts of Dardania were at the Thraco-Illyrian contact zone. Dardania was centered around present-day Kosovo, but also included parts of North Macedonia ( Gostivar), Serbia ( Novi Pazar) and Albania ( Kukës). It is named after the Dardani, a Paleo-Balkan tribe that formed the core of the Dardanian polity. The Kingdom of Dardania was a polity in the central Balkans in the region of Dardania during classical antiquity.
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